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The Holocaust, 1941 — historical photograph 50.0°N 20.0°E Occupied Europe
1941 · 50.0°N 20.0°E

The Holocaust

Across occupied Europe · atrocity · Occupied Europe

Briefing

The Nazi regime systematically murdered six million Jews, alongside Roma, Soviet prisoners of war, disabled people, and political enemies. What began with persecution and ghettoisation escalated to industrialised killing at purpose-built extermination camps. Its literature — diaries, survivor memoirs, and testimony — forms some of the most important writing of the twentieth century.

Books Covering This Event (37)

Memoir

Man's Search for Meaning cover
Man's Search for Meaning Viktor Frankl · 1946

A psychiatrist's memoir of Auschwitz and his development of logotherapy — finding meaning even in suffering.

Accessible
The Pianist cover
The Pianist Władysław Szpilman · 1946

A Polish-Jewish pianist's memoir of surviving the Warsaw Ghetto and hiding in the ruins of the city.

Accessible
The Diary of a Young Girl cover
The Diary of a Young Girl Anne Frank · 1947

The diary of Anne Frank, a Jewish girl in hiding in Amsterdam during the Nazi occupation.

Accessible
If This Is a Man cover
If This Is a Man Primo Levi · 1947

Primo Levi's account of his year in Auschwitz — a forensic examination of what the camp did to human identity.

Intermediate
Night cover
Night Elie Wiesel · 1960

Elie Wiesel's searing memoir of his experience as a teenager in Auschwitz and Buchenwald.

Accessible
Inside the Third Reich cover
Inside the Third Reich Albert Speer · 1969

Hitler's architect and armaments minister writes from Spandau prison about life at the top of the regime.

Intermediate
The Hiding Place cover
The Hiding Place Corrie ten Boom · 1971

A Dutch watchmaker's family hides Jews from the Gestapo, and pays for it in the camps.

Accessible
The Drowned and the Saved cover
The Drowned and the Saved Primo Levi · 1986

Levi's final book — essays on memory, shame, and the grey zone of complicity in the camps, written forty years after Auschwitz.

Intermediate
Maus cover
Maus Art Spiegelman · 1991

A graphic novel depicting the Holocaust with Jews as mice and Nazis as cats, framed by the author's.

Accessible
The Choice cover
The Choice Edith Eger · 2017

A ballerina sent to Auschwitz at sixteen — who danced for Mengele — becomes a psychologist and writes about freedom at ninety.

Accessible

Academic

Eichmann in Jerusalem cover
Eichmann in Jerusalem Hannah Arendt · 1963

Arendt's report on the trial of Adolf Eichmann and her famous, furiously contested verdict: the banality of evil.

Academic
Into That Darkness cover
Into That Darkness Gitta Sereny · 1974

Seventy hours of prison interviews with Franz Stangl, commandant of Treblinka — ending days before his death.

Academic
Ordinary Men cover
Ordinary Men Christopher Browning · 1992

How a battalion of middle-aged German policemen became mass murderers in Poland.

Intermediate
The Third Reich at War cover
The Third Reich at War Richard J. Evans · 2008

The final volume of Evans's trilogy: Germany at war, from the invasion of Poland to the ruins of Berlin.

Academic
Bloodlands cover
Bloodlands Timothy Snyder · 2010

Europe between Hitler and Stalin — fourteen million civilians murdered in the lands where both regimes ruled.

Academic
KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps cover
KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps Nikolaus Wachsmann · 2015

The complete history of the SS camp system, from the improvised cellars of 1933 to the death marches of 1945.

Academic

Historical Fiction

Mila 18 cover
Mila 18 Leon Uris · 1961

A novel of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, named for the bunker headquarters of the Jewish resistance.

Accessible
When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit cover
When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Judith Kerr · 1971

Nine-year-old Anna's family flees Germany the day before the 1933 election, one step ahead of the Gestapo.

Accessible
War and Remembrance cover
War and Remembrance Herman Wouk · 1978

The sequel to The Winds of War carries the Henry family from Pearl Harbor through Midway, Leyte Gulf, and Auschwitz.

Intermediate
Sophie's Choice cover
Sophie's Choice William Styron · 1979

A young writer in postwar Brooklyn is drawn into the life of an Auschwitz survivor carrying an unbearable secret.

Intermediate
Schindler's List cover
Schindler's List Thomas Keneally · 1982

The documentary novel of Oskar Schindler, the Nazi profiteer who saved 1,200 Jews.

Accessible
Number the Stars cover
Number the Stars Lois Lowry · 1989

Ten-year-old Annemarie helps smuggle her Jewish best friend's family to Sweden during the rescue of the Danish Jews.

Accessible
The Reader cover
The Reader Bernhard Schlink · 1995

A German teenager's affair with an older woman returns to haunt him when she stands trial for war crimes.

Intermediate
The Book Thief cover
The Book Thief Markus Zusak · 2005

Death narrates the story of a German girl, her foster family, and the Jewish man hidden in their basement.

Accessible
The Boy in the Striped Pajamas cover
The Boy in the Striped Pajamas John Boyne · 2006

The nine-year-old son of a camp commandant befriends a boy on the other side of the fence.

Accessible
The Kindly Ones cover
The Kindly Ones Jonathan Littell · 2006

An SS intelligence officer narrates his own war — Babi Yar, Stalingrad, Auschwitz — with monstrous erudition and no remorse.

Academic
Sarah's Key cover
Sarah's Key Tatiana de Rosnay · 2007

The Vél d'Hiv roundup of Paris's Jews in July 1942, told through a girl who locked her brother in a cupboard to save him.

Accessible
HHhH cover
HHhH Laurent Binet · 2010

Two parachutists are sent to kill Reinhard Heydrich, the architect of the Final Solution — while the author argues with himself about inventing any of it.

Intermediate
Lilac Girls cover
Lilac Girls Martha Hall Kelly · 2016

A New York socialite, a Polish prisoner, and a Nazi doctor — three women bound by the medical experiments at Ravensbrück.

Accessible
We Were the Lucky Ones cover
We Were the Lucky Ones Georgia Hunter · 2017

One Polish-Jewish family scattered across continents by the war — based on the author's own family, all of whom survived.

Accessible
The Librarian of Auschwitz cover
The Librarian of Auschwitz Antonio Iturbe · 2017

Fourteen-year-old Dita guards the eight smuggled books of the camp's secret school in the Theresienstadt family block.

Accessible
The Tattooist of Auschwitz cover
The Tattooist of Auschwitz Heather Morris · 2018

A novel based on the true story of Lale Sokolov, who tattooed prisoners' numbers at Auschwitz and fell in love there.

Accessible
The Huntress cover
The Huntress Kate Quinn · 2019

A Soviet Night Witch bomber pilot and a Nazi hunter converge on a war criminal hiding in postwar Boston.

Accessible
The Book of Lost Names cover
The Book of Lost Names Kristin Harmel · 2020

A forger in occupied France encodes the real names of the Jewish children she documents into a single hidden book.

Accessible

Hitler cover
Hitler Ian Kershaw · 2008

The definitive biography, abridged by Kershaw himself from his two-volume Hubris and Nemesis.

Intermediate

Popular History

The Zookeeper's Wife cover
The Zookeeper's Wife Diane Ackerman · 2007

The keepers of the Warsaw Zoo hide three hundred Jews in empty cages and their villa as the city burns around them.

Accessible
The Volunteer cover
The Volunteer Jack Fairweather · 2019

Witold Pilecki volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz — to build a resistance cell inside and smuggle out the truth.

Accessible

Timeline Position

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